{"id":7050,"date":"2026-10-07T12:20:25","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T10:20:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stopalzheimer.be\/?p=7050"},"modified":"2026-10-07T12:20:27","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T10:20:27","slug":"nobel-memoire-lumiere-optogenetique-alzheimer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/stopalzheimer.be\/fr\/nobel-memoire-lumiere-optogenetique-alzheimer\/","title":{"rendered":"Nobel de m\u00e9decine 2026\u00a0: La lumi\u00e8re pour comprendre la m\u00e9moire"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Nobel de m\u00e9decine 2026\u00a0: La lumi\u00e8re pour comprendre la m\u00e9moire<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Le prix Nobel cette ann\u00e9e r\u00e9compense l\u2019optog\u00e9n\u00e9tique, une pratique qui permet d\u2019allumer ou d\u2019\u00e9teindre des neurones pr\u00e9cis gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019usage de la lumi\u00e8re dans un cerveau vivant. Cette m\u00e9thode a principalement pris en popularit\u00e9 dans les projets qui s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 la compr\u00e9hension de la m\u00e9moire comme dans le cas des maladies neuro-\u00e9volutives telle que la maladie d\u2019Alzheimer.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Tout est parti d\u2019une algue<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ce prix Nobel a \u00e9t\u00e9 remis \u00e0 trois chercheurs, Peter Hegemann, Georg Nagel et Karl Deisseroth, qui sont les pionniers dans le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019optog\u00e9n\u00e9tique. L\u2019histoire commence par l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat que porte Hegemann au m\u00e9canisme singulier d\u2019une algue unicellulaire qui parvient \u00e0 nager vers la lumi\u00e8re. Cette algue n&#8217;a ni yeux ni cerveau. Pour nager vers la lumi\u00e8re dont elle a besoin, elle s&#8217;appuie sur une seule prot\u00e9ine appel\u00e9e la channelrhodopsine, qui transforme directement la lumi\u00e8re en signal \u00e9lectrique. Cette d\u00e9couverte, faite au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2000 avec Nagel, a donn\u00e9 envie d&#8217;\u00e9tudier cette prot\u00e9ine de plus pr\u00e8s. Les chercheurs ont alors constat\u00e9 qu&#8217;une fois ins\u00e9r\u00e9e dans une cellule, quelle qu&#8217;elle soit, celle-ci devient sensible \u00e0 la lumi\u00e8re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">En 2005, Deisseroth introduit la prot\u00e9ine dans des neurones en culture et montre qu\u2019un \u00e9clairage bleu permet de d\u00e9clencher un signal nerveux dans les neurones transform\u00e9s. Deux ann\u00e9es plus tard, il s\u2019en sert comme interrupteur dans le cerveau de mod\u00e8les exp\u00e9rimentaux pour activer ou \u00e9teindre un petit groupe de neurones et observer directement l&#8217;effet sur un souvenir, une \u00e9motion ou un comportement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Le pr\u00e9sident du comit\u00e9 Nobel, Per Svenningsson, souligne qu&#8217;elle permet de \u00ab&nbsp;cartographier le cerveau d&#8217;une fa\u00e7on dont on ne pouvait que r\u00eaver. Elle a d\u00e9j\u00e0 servi \u00e0 identifier des circuits li\u00e9s \u00e0 des souvenirs, des \u00e9motions et des comportements impliqu\u00e9s dans des maladies neurologiques et psychiatriques, et des essais visent aussi \u00e0 restaurer la vue chez des personnes malvoyantes&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Des applications cliniques sont aussi en cours, notamment pour restaurer la vue chez des personnes malvoyantes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Le lien avec la maladie d\u2019Alzheimer<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La perte de m\u00e9moire est l&#8217;un des premiers signes de l&#8217;Alzheimer. Pour comprendre ce qui se passe, il faut savoir quelles cellules portent un souvenir, et pourquoi il devient inaccessible. C&#8217;est exactement ce que l&#8217;optog\u00e9n\u00e9tique permet d&#8217;\u00e9tudier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une \u00e9tude publi\u00e9e dans <em>Nature<\/em> en 2016 a montr\u00e9, dans des mod\u00e8les exp\u00e9rimentaux d&#8217;Alzheimer pr\u00e9coce, qu&#8217;un souvenir qui semblait perdu pouvait r\u00e9appara\u00eetre quand on r\u00e9activait avec de la lumi\u00e8re les neurones qui le portaient. En renfor\u00e7ant aussi les connexions entre ces neurones, les chercheurs ont r\u00e9tabli la m\u00e9moire pendant au moins six jours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L&#8217;optog\u00e9n\u00e9tique suppose de modifier g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement des cellules et d&#8217;y apporter de la lumi\u00e8re, ce qui n&#8217;est pas utilisable aujourd&#8217;hui chez des patients atteints d&#8217;Alzheimer. Sa valeur est de surtout aider \u00e0 comprendre comment la m\u00e9moire se forme, se perd et peut parfois \u00eatre retrouv\u00e9e, ce qui oriente les pistes de recherche de demain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Comprendre le fonctionnement du cerveau est une des cl\u00e9s de la lutte contre l&#8217;Alzheimer. C&#8217;est cette recherche fondamentale que notre Fondation suit de pr\u00e8s.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nobel de m\u00e9decine 2026\u00a0: La lumi\u00e8re pour comprendre la m\u00e9moire Le prix Nobel cette ann\u00e9e r\u00e9compense l\u2019optog\u00e9n\u00e9tique, une pratique qui permet d\u2019allumer ou d\u2019\u00e9teindre des neurones pr\u00e9cis gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l\u2019usage de la lumi\u00e8re dans un cerveau vivant. Cette m\u00e9thode a principalement pris en popularit\u00e9 dans les projets qui s\u2019int\u00e9resse \u00e0 la compr\u00e9hension de la m\u00e9moire [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":7052,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"locatie":[26,28],"class_list":["post-7050","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-onderzoek","locatie-homepage","locatie-over-alzheimer"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nobel de m\u00e9decine 2026\u00a0: La lumi\u00e8re pour comprendre la m\u00e9moire - Stop Alzheimer<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le Nobel de m\u00e9decine 2026 r\u00e9compense l&#039;optog\u00e9n\u00e9tique, une m\u00e9thode qui contr\u00f4le 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